Summary
The increasingly widespread usage of silver (Ag) nanoparticles has raised concerns regarding their environmental risk. The behavior of Ag and its transfer risk to the food chain were investigated using a long-term field experiment that commenced in 1942 in which Ag-containing sewage sludge was repeatedly applied to the soil (25 applications during 20 years). The speciation of the Ag in both the sludge and the soils retrieved from the long-term experimental archive was examined using synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and extractable Ag concentrations from soils were determined using 0.01 M Ca(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> and 0.005 M DTPA. The total Ag in the sludge during the time period of 1942-1961 ranged from 155 to 463 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>. These values are 1-2 orders of mag
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