Summary
<0.0001). Exemplar patients with identical (normal or raised) total hemoglobin masses were diagnosed as profoundly anemic (or not) depending on differences in plasma volume that had not been measured or even considered as a cause. The traditional inference that anemia generally reflects hemoglobin deficiency may be misleading, potentially resulting in inappropriate tests and therapeutic interventions to address 'hemoglobin deficiency' not 'plasma volume excess'. Measurement of total hemoglobin mass and plasma volume is now simple, cheap and safe, and its more routine use is advocated.
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