Pulse Brain · Growing Health Evidence Index
Tier 1 — Meta-analysis / systematic reviewPeer-reviewed

Global greenhouse gas emissions from animal-based foods are twice those of plant-based foods

Xiaoming Xu, Prateek Sharma, Shijie Shu, Tzu‐Shun Lin, Philippe Ciais, Francesco N. Tubiello, Pete Smith, Nelson Campbell, Atul K. Jain

Nature Food · 2021

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Summary

This 2021 analysis published in Nature Food synthesised global data on lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions across food production systems, comparing animal-based and plant-based food commodities. The work suggests that, on a global basis, animal-derived products generate approximately twice the emissions of plant-derived alternatives, though the magnitude varies by production system, geography, and functional unit (mass versus energy). The findings contribute to evidence on the climate footprint of different dietary patterns and food supply chains.

UK applicability

The global synthesis is relevant to UK dietary and agricultural policy discussions, particularly around net-zero commitments and food system decarbonisation. However, UK-specific production intensities and emissions profiles may differ from global averages, especially for pasture-based systems, requiring localised assessment for policy application.

Key measures

Greenhouse gas emissions (likely CO₂-eq) per unit mass or caloric content; comparative ratios between animal-based and plant-based food categories

Outcomes reported

The study quantified and compared lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions across animal-based and plant-based food products globally. As suggested by the title, the research examined relative emission intensities of different food categories.

Theme
Climate & resilience
Subject
Climate & greenhouse gas mitigation
Study type
Meta-analysis
Study design
Meta-analysis
Source type
Peer-reviewed study
Status
Published
Geography
Global
System type
Food supply chain
DOI
10.1038/s43016-021-00358-x
Catalogue ID
BFmou2mefv-9zdooe

Topic tags

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