Summary
This systematic evaluation of published biochar data demonstrates that stable biochar achieves carbon sequestration efficiency of 25–50% of feedstock carbon, with efficiency varying non-linearly according to feedstock type and H/C_org ratio. The authors recommend that plant-based biochar production targeting H/C_org ratios of 0.38–0.44 (corresponding to pyrolysis at 500–550°C) maximises soil carbon sequestration efficiency, achieving an average of 41.4% (±4.5%) over 100 years. These findings provide an evidence-based framework for optimising biochar production under emerging EU regulations on quality standards.
UK applicability
The H/C_org-based quality criteria and optimal pyrolysis temperature ranges identified are directly applicable to UK biochar production and soil amendment practices, particularly as they align with EU Regulation 2021/2088 and may inform UK policy on biochar use in agricultural soils. The findings support evidence-based selection of feedstock and production parameters to maximise carbon sequestration in UK farming contexts.
Key measures
Carbon sequestration efficiency (F_perm); hydrogen-to-organic carbon ratio (H/C_org); pyrolysis yield; carbon yield at different pyrolysis temperatures; percentage of feedstock carbon retained after 100 years
Outcomes reported
The study evaluated biochar carbon sequestration efficiency by synthesising published data compliant with International Biochar Initiative and European Biochar Certificate quality guidelines, calculating the fraction of biochar carbon remaining in soil after 100 years as a function of feedstock type and pyrolysis temperature.
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