Summary
This global food and land system modelling framework quantifies how 23 distinct food system measures interact to address multiple sustainability and health objectives simultaneously through 2050. The analysis demonstrates that whilst individual measures involve trade-offs, their combination can substantially reduce trade-offs and enhance co-benefits, with combined implementation potentially reducing yearly mortality by 182 million life years and nearly halving nitrogen surplus. The work suggests that achieving the 1.5 °C climate target alongside improved health and social outcomes requires integrated food system transformation alongside measures outside the food sector.
UK applicability
The findings are relevant to UK policy-making on food systems and climate, particularly regarding the reconciliation of agricultural decarbonisation with public health and nutrition goals. The emphasis on combining measures rather than pursuing single interventions aligns with UK food system resilience and net-zero strategies, though localised modelling would be needed to reflect UK-specific agricultural and dietary contexts.
Key measures
Yearly mortality (measured in life years), nitrogen surplus, absolute poverty, climate target achievement (1.5 °C), and 15 outcome indicators across health, environment, social and economic domains
Outcomes reported
The study quantified the impact of 23 food system measures on 15 outcome indicators spanning public health, environmental quality, social inclusion and economic factors through 2050. Key reported outcomes include annual mortality reduction, nitrogen surplus reduction, and poverty effects.
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