Summary
Global food production must meet the dietary requirements of a growing population, which is expected to reach 8–11 billion by 2100, while reducing the environmental impact of agricultural practices. The agricultural sector accounts for 21–37% of global greenhouse gas emissions, 70% of freshwater, and contributes considerably to biodiversity loss and challenges that are further intensified by climate change. Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) serves as a sustainable strategy to address global food production and promote consistency and resource-efficient crop production. However, nutrient imbalances remain a key challenge in hydroponic CEA systems. To address these nutrient-related challenges, plant sap analysis is being considered as real-time monitoring tool and precise nutrient man
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