Summary
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a major tropical fruit crop that suffers yield losses from nutrient deficiencies, insect pests, and fungal diseases, with conventional spraying methods such as tractor-mounted or manual sprayers often requiring excessive spray volumes, leading to poor canopy penetration, chemical wastage, operator health risks, and environmental contamination. Recent advances in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have enabled site-specific spraying, offering precision application, reduced chemical use, and improved safety, though research in mango orchards remains limited compared to crops like citrus, vineyards, and rice. This proof-of-concept study conducted in high-density Alphonso mango orchards in Tamil Nadu, India, from September 2023 to March 2024, compared UAV spraying a
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