Summary
Vermicomposting, the bio-oxidative transformation of organic residues by earthworms and associated microbiota—has become a cornerstone input for organic and regenerative agriculture. This review synthesizes contemporary evidence on how vermicompost is produced, what distinguishes its physicochemical and biological attributes from conventional composts, and how its application influences soil health, crop performance, and environmental outcomes. We examine process fundamentals (earthworm–microbe interactions, feedstock effects, maturation control), product characteristics (nutrient forms, humic substances, enzyme profiles, and microbial consortia), and farm-level responses spanning soil structure, microbial biomass and activity, nutrient cycling, and water regulation. Crop-level effects inc
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