Summary
Background: Rice is a staple crop grown globally, often requiring intensive nitrogen fertilization to achieve optimal yields. Excessive nitrogen use, however, can lead to environmental degradation and reduced soil health. Microbial inoculants, such as azospirillum, streptomyces and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), have shown potential in enhancing nutrient uptake and promoting sustainable agriculture. Methods: This study evaluated the impact of three nitrogen application levels (M1: 0 kg ha-1, M2: 40 kg ha-1, M3: 60 kg ha-1 as the main plot and four microbial inoculation treatments (S1: Control, S2: Azospirillum (618 g ha-1) + Streptomyces (618 g ha-1), S3: Consortium (1235 g ha-1) and S4: AMF (1235 g ha-1) as the sub plot. A split-plot design (SPD) with three replications was employed
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