Energy density, nutrient density and nutrient-to-price ratio of Indonesian foods

Summary

Understanding the concepts of energy density (ED), nutrient density (ND), and nutrient-to -price ratio (NPR) in foods is crucial in making food selections to overcome the triple burden of malnutrition in Indonesia. This study aimed to examine the ED, ND and NPR values of Indonesian foods. A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect mostly consumed food in Malang, Indonesia. This study used nutrient density score (NDS) as a means of measuring and conveying the nutritional density of the foods examined. The ED of snacks (278.90 kcal/100 g), meat and fish (248.90 kcal/100 g), legumes, nuts and seeds (129.55 kcal/100 g), and starchy staples (125.45 kcal/100 g), were significantly higher than the energy density of dark green leafy vegetables (DGLVs) (37.00 kcal/100 g); other fruits and veg