Comparative proximate analysis and nutrient labelling compliance of cow milk and plant-based milk alternatives: Implications for consumer choice and food policy.

Summary

This study compared the nutritional composition of cow milk and plant-based milk alternatives (PBMAs) available in South African retail markets and assessed nutrient labelling compliance. Proximate and mineral analysis was conducted on 60 PBMA samples (soy, almond, oat, rice, coconut) and 39 cow milk samples using standardised analytical methods. Results demonstrated significant nutritional differences between product categories (p < 0.05). Cow milk demonstrated significantly higher nutrient density, particularly for protein and key bone-building minerals including calcium, phosphorous, and zinc. Conversely, PBMAs showed higher iron, copper, and manganese levels, though bioavailability may be compromised by antinutrients. Labelling non-compliance was identified for calcium and dietary fibr