Summary
Understanding plant disease development requires moving beyond the classic disease triangle, which considers the host, pathogen, and environment. Recent advances in multi-omics have highlighted the importance of a disease pyramid that integrates the host, pathogen, microbiome, and environment to capture the complex interactions among these core biological/ecological components. This pyramid framework emphasizes how host genetic architecture, pathogen traits, microbiome dynamics, and environmental conditions collectively and interactively shape disease outcomes, plant phenotypes, and adaptive potential. The conceptual expansion from the disease triangle to a pyramid model reflects this shift, providing a more holistic and dynamic view of plant disease ecology. Environmental factors regulate
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