Summary
Long-term physicochemical agricultural management in tobacco systems has impaired the soil ecosystem multifunctionality, disrupted the soil microbial community structure, and affected the long-term health of farmland ecosystems. As key beneficial soil macrofauna and bacteria, earthworms and Bacillus spp., respectively, contribute independently to the improvement of soil quality and enhance plant growth. However, their synergistic effects on soil ecosystem multifunctionality and microbial communities remain unclear, particularly in tobacco systems. Therefore, we tested their individual and interactive effects in a tobacco pot experiment with four treatments: control (CK), earthworm inoculation alone (E), Bacillus spp. inoculation alone (B), and co-inoculation of earthworms and Bacillus spp.
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