Summary
Maize is a globally significant cereal crop, while Albic soils in Northeast China are characterized by low available phosphorus (P), poor humus (HS) quality, and constrained maize yield. The synergistic effects of P fertilization on maize yield and HS quality in these soils remain poorly understood. This three-year field experiment was conducted to determine the optimal P application rate for concurrently enhancing crop productivity and HS quality. Four P application rates were established: 0 kg P2O5 ha−1 (no P application, P0), 40 kg P2O5 ha−1 (low P application, LP), 80 kg P2O5 ha−1 (moderate P application, MP), and 120 kg P2O5 ha−1 (high P application, HP). Soil nutrients status, HS fractions, dissolved organic matter (DOM) fluorescence characteristics, and structural properties of humi
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