Summary
Abstract Background and aims Pasture systems occupy approximately three billion hectares and contribute almost $21 trillion to the global economy. They are important for food production, carbon storage, water catchment reserves, biodiversity maintenance and cultural and recreational needs. However, pasture systems sustainability and productivity may be reduced with increasing climate hazards, such as heat stress and drought, due to global warming. Strategically integrating trees into pastoral landscapes may improve pasture system resilience and productivity by benefiting pasture leaf function and enhancing soil fertility. Methods To evaluate if trees in pasture systems are favourable for pasture performance and sustainability, we conducted field experiments in the New England Tablelands of
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