Summary
Reducing atmospheric ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) emissions is critical to mitigating poor air quality. However, the contributions of major agricultural and non-agricultural source emissions to NH<sub>3</sub> at receptor sites remain uncertain in many regions, hindering the assessment and implementation of effective NH<sub>3</sub> reduction strategies. This study conducted simultaneous measurements of the monthly concentrations and stable nitrogen isotopes of NH<sub><i>x</i></sub> (gaseous NH<sub>3</sub> plus particulate NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>) at 16 sites across China. Ambient NH<sub><i>x</i></sub> concentrations averaged 21.7 ± 19.6 μg m<sup>-3</sup> at rural sites, slightly higher than those at urban (19.2 ± 6.0 μg m<sup>-3</sup>) and three times of those at background (7.0 ± 6.9 μg m<s
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