A tool to assess risk of bias in non-randomized follow-up studies of exposure effects (ROBINS-E)
Julian P. T. Higgins, Rebecca L. Morgan, Andrew A. Rooney, Kyla W. Taylor, Kristina A. Thayer, Raquel A. Silva, Courtney Lemeris, Elie A. Akl, Thomas F. Bateson, Nancy D Berkman, Barbara Glenn, Asbjørn Hróbjartsson, Judy S. LaKind, Alexandra McAleenan, Joerg J Meerpohl, Rebecca Nachman, Julie Obbagy, Annette M. O’Connor, Elizabeth G. Radke, Jelena Savović, Holger J. Schünemann, Beverley Shea, Kate Tilling, Jos Verbeek, Meera Viswanathan, Jonathan A C Sterne
ROBINS-E provides a standardized framework for examining potential biases in results from cohort studies. Future work will produce variants of the tool for other epidemiologic study designs (e.g. case-control studies). We believe that ROBINS-E represents an important development in the integration of exposure assessment, evidence synthesis and causal inference.
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