Summary
Human urine (HU) is rich in nutrients necessary for plant growth, and recycling HU as fertilizer has multiple positive impacts, such as enhancing agricultural sustainability, reducing wastewater pollution, and decreasing reliance on chemical fertilizers, so it is of great significance to explore the effects of urine agricultural utilization on soil environment. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the impacts of varying HU application rates {0 [control (C)], 13, 26, 52, and 104 mL kg −1 } on soil physicochemical properties, microbial communities, and enzymatic activities. The findings indicate that HU application enriched soil nutrients and significantly increased soil electrical conductivity, with levels at 104 mL kg −1 reaching an increase of 840% over C. Compared to the C, HU enha
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