Summary
The emissions of reactive nitrogen (Nr) from cropland links the pedosphere and atmosphere, playing a crucial role in the Earth’s nitrogen cycle while significantly impacting regional climate change, air quality, and human health. Among various Nr species, nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrous acid (HONO) have garnered increasing attention as critical precursors to surface ozone (O3) formation due to their participation in photochemical reactions. While most studies focus on Nr emissions from soils, the specific contributions of cropland Nr emissions considering planting activities to regional O3 pollution remain insufficiently investigated. This study applied the enhanced process-based agroecological model (FEST-C*) coupled with the air quality (CMAQ) model to quantify cropland Nr emissions and
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