Summary
Soil nitrous acid (HONO) emissions represent an important source of atmospheric reactive nitrogen, significantly influencing air quality and climate change. However, the long-term global patterns of soil HONO emissions and their contributions to fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) and its key components remain poorly understood. In this study, we developed a new module within a process-based model (LPJ-GUESS) to estimate global soil HONO emissions across all major land-use types over the past century and also quantified their impacts on PM<sub>2.5</sub> and associated health outcomes. Our model demonstrated robust performance in estimating global soil HONO emissions (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.91). The results revealed that global warming and increased fertilizer use have driven a sub
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