Summary
Summertime surface ozone in China has been increasing since 2013 despite the policy-driven reduction in fuel combustion emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO<sub><i>x</i></sub>). Here we examine the role of soil reactive nitrogen (N<sub>r</sub>, including NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> and nitrous acid (HONO)) emissions in the 2013-2019 ozone increase over the North China Plain (NCP), using GEOS-Chem chemical transport model simulations. We update soil NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> emissions and add soil HONO emissions in GEOS-Chem based on observation-constrained parametrization schemes. The model estimates significant daily maximum 8 h average (MDA8) ozone enhancement from soil N<sub>r</sub> emissions of 8.0 ppbv over the NCP and 5.5 ppbv over China in June-July 2019. We identify a strong competing effect bet
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