Summary
Abstract Modern agricultural systems face the challenge of balancing high productivity and ecological sustainability. Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a key role in connecting the productive and ecological functions of apple orchards by acting as a bridge between human activities and natural processes. This review highlights new research on how SOC can transform agricultural landscapes in apple orchards. SOC not only serves as a reservoir of nutrients but also acts as a central concept to link different aspects of agricultural systems. Agronomic management practices, such as precise handling of crop residues, innovative organic soil amendments, and diverse cover cropping systems, have proven effective in improving essential ecosystem functions in apple orchard management. These methods enha
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