Summary
Agricultural land abandonment and retirement are important and lead to different types of land use and cover change. Generally, abandonment and retirement are caused by different social and environmental factors and result in different ecological and economic benefits and costs. Faced with the complexity of agricultural land change over time, this study aims to develop a new framework to distinguish between agricultural land abandonment and retirement and detect the extent and exact year of abandonment and retirement using Google Earth Engine (GEE). We tested our approach for three typical regions in the northern China crop-pasture band, where agricultural land abandonment and retirement are widespread. First, based on the spectral features obtained from Landsat images, annual land-cover m
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