Current challenges on the widespread adoption of new bio-based fertilizers: insights to move forward toward more circular food systems

Summary

This narrative review examines critical challenges limiting the adoption of bio-based fertilizers recovered from biowastes in European farming systems. The authors argue that for widespread adoption, BBFs must match the agronomic efficiency of synthetic fertilisers whilst offering practical advantages such as soil fertility improvement, compatibility with existing farm equipment, and competitive pricing. The paper emphasises that sustainability gains depend on regional conditions, energy sources for processing, and transport distances, and calls for a systems approach focused on circular economy principles rather than simple substitution.

UK applicability

The findings are directly applicable to UK agriculture and policy, particularly given European regulatory frameworks and UK interests in circular nutrient management post-Brexit. The emphasis on matching agronomic performance, soil fertility benefits, and practical farm compatibility aligns with UK sustainability priorities, though UK-specific biowaste availabilities, energy grids, and transport infrastructure would require localised assessment.

Key measures

Agronomic efficiency of BBFs relative to mineral fertilizers; environmental impacts of BBF production and use; farmer adoption barriers and preferences; consumer willingness to purchase BBF-fertilised products; nutrient content, nutrient ratios, pricing competitiveness, and applicability with existing farm machinery.

Outcomes reported

This review synthesises barriers to widespread adoption of bio-based fertilizers (BBFs) derived from biowaste across three dimensions: agronomic performance parity, environmental impact assessment, and end-user (farmer and consumer) preferences and requirements. The paper identifies specific technical, economic and social factors influencing BBF uptake in the European context.

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