Summary
Chronic excessive inflammation drives the pathogenesis of diseases such as Heart Failure (HF) and arthritis. Natural polysaccharides, with low toxicity and biodegradability, exert anti-inflammatory effects by regulating core inflammatory signaling pathways (e.g., Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB), Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK), Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)) and downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines including Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1β, and IL-6. But their poor water solubility and easy breakdown by digestive enzymes limit bioavailability. Nanonization solves these problems by enhancing aqueous dispersibility, reducing enzymatic hydrolysis, and improving targeting efficiency (passive via the Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) effect, active via ligand modification). It
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