Summary
Ginsenosides, the primary bioactive components of <i>Panax ginseng</i>, exhibit diverse pharmacological properties, ranging from anticancer to neuroprotective effects. However, traditional production by <i>ginseng</i> cultivation faces limitations due to extended growth cycles, insufficient yields, intricate extraction processes, and significant environmental dependencies. Synthetic biology and synthetic metabolic engineering offer promising alternatives for sustainable manufacturing of essential bioactive compounds, including ginsenosides. First, this review describes the ginsenoside biosynthesis pathways, emphasizing crucial enzymes (e.g., HMG-CoA reductase, squalene epoxidase, dammarenediol-II synthase, amyrin synthase, and various UDP-glycosyltransferases) and their regulatory networks
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