Summary
Plant resistance to insects and diseases is a cornerstone of sustainable agriculture, reducing dependence on chemical pesticides and enhancing long-term crop resilience. Plant resistance is a suite of constitutive and inducible defenses, including structural barriers, biochemical defenses, signaling pathways activated upon recognition of pest or pathogen derived cues. Understanding how plants perceive biotic stress and mobilize these defenses through secondary metabolite production, reinforcement of physical barriers, and coordinated regulation of defense genes, is essential for designing effective management strategies Host plant resistance to insect herbivores exemplifies how specific plant traits can deter feeding, limit pest survival, or reduce reproduction. Advances in biotechnology,
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