Summary
Ensuring food security and advancing a sustainable food sector are vital for both present and future generations. As the global population grows, food demand increases, making the assessment of sustainability across food value chains increasingly important. The planetary boundaries concept identifies critical Earth system processes that must be maintained within safe limits to avoid irreversible environmental damage and to ensure planetary resilience. Dairy farming significantly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, land-use change, water consumption, and nutrient release, resulting in a substantial environmental impact. By assessing dairy farms against planetary boundaries, it is possible to determine whether their production activities operate within safe ecological limits or exceed t
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