Summary
Plantain (PL) contains plant secondary metabolites (PSM), such as acteoside, aucubin, and catalpol, known for their bioactive properties. While acteoside and aucubin have been linked to reducing nitrogen losses in grazed pastures, their effects on enteric methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions remain unexplored. Three <i>in vitro</i> batch culture experiments were conducted to assess the effects of PSM on rumen fermentation, using PL pastures with varying PSM concentrations, purified PSM compounds, and/or their combinations added to ryegrass (<i>Lolium perenne</i>, RG), which does not contain these PSM. Aucubin addition to RG extended the time to reach halftime for gas production (GP) and CH<sub>4</sub> by 15-20% due to its antimicrobial effects. Acteoside, alone or with aucubin, promoted prop
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