Summary
The excessive use of chemical fertilizers in rice cultivation has contributed to soil degradation, creating a need for sustainable biological alternatives. This study examined the functional diversity of three indigenous nostocalean cyanobacterial strains (UP1, UP2, and UP3) isolated from forest and paddy field ecosystems by comparing the effects of their cellular biomass and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on rice seedling growth and soil properties. Morphological observations and partial 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that strains UP1 and UP2 were affiliated with the genus Ahomia, whereas UP3 was placed within the genus Nostoc. Together, these results placed all three isolates within the heterocystous cyanobacterial order Nostocales. The strains were further characterized
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