Summary
Enhancing nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) and reducing urea N losses are major challenges in ensuring sustainable agriculture. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of humic acid urea on N losses, soil microbial nutrient balance and NUE through leaching experiments, soil incubation experiments and field experiments of maize-wheat rotation. We set up four N gradients (240 kg N hm−2, 216 kg N hm−2, 192 kg N hm−2, 168 kg N hm−2) and two N fertilizer types (urea and humic acid urea) to make up five treatments, with no N application as the control. The results showed that humic acid urea reduced the fertilizer N losses by 25.51%, 23.07% and 23.08% in the three pathways of N leaching, NH3 volatilization and N2O emission, respectively, compared with urea. Humic acid urea significa
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