Summary
Coach-perpetrated interpersonal violence can pose significant risks to athletes' development as well as psychological, physical and social well-being worldwide. This study examined the perceived harmfulness of witnessed coach-perpetrated interpersonal violence behaviours in the North Mediterranean region, alongside any associations with coaching climates (empowering and disempowering). Data were collected from 494 active coaches across Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Malta, Spain and Portugal through an online questionnaire where they reported witnessing and perceived harm of psychological, physical, instrumental and sexual violence, as well as their coaching climates. The analysis showed psychological violence as the most frequently witnessed form and physical violence being perceived as the most
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