Summary
This Nature Reviews Cardiology narrative review examines heart failure phenotypes with mid-range and mildly reduced ejection fraction, conditions intermediate between heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). The authors synthesise contemporary evidence on definition, aetiology, pathophysiology and management strategies for these increasingly recognised entities, reflecting evolving clinical classifications and therapeutic approaches in cardiology as of 2021.
UK applicability
The review's diagnostic and management recommendations are applicable to UK clinical practice, given reliance on international guideline standards (ESC/ACC) and multinational evidence bases. UK cardiologists would use the ejection fraction thresholds and treatment algorithms described to stratify patients and inform therapeutic decisions.
Key measures
Ejection fraction thresholds; left ventricular systolic and diastolic function; prevalence and incidence of HFmrEF and HFmildlyEF; response to pharmacological and device-based therapies
Outcomes reported
The study characterises the epidemiology, aetiology, pathophysiology and clinical management of heart failure with mid-range (HFmrEF) or mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmildlyEF). It reviews diagnostic criteria, treatment approaches and prognosis for these intermediate phenotypes.
Topic tags
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