Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-mediated abiotic stress tolerance: Emerging roles in nutrient exchange, antioxidant defence, and hormonal crosstalk

Summary

• AMF exchange 80−90 % of P, 20−40 % of N, and 50 % of Zn and Cu, and gets 4−20 % of C. • Through nutrients, AMF mediate antioxidant response and modulate abiotic stress resistance genes. • Antioxidants act as a protector under stress conditions for the biosynthesis of hormones. • Hormones regulate the expression of stress-related genes and influence nutrient transport and antioxidant capacity. • The complex interaction of AMF with hormones varies, where some suppress or promote depending on stress conditions. In the intricate landscape of plant-microbe interactions, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have emerged as crucial players supporting abiotic stress resistance through various reprogramming processes. Under symbiotic association, plants respond through physiological, biochemical, a