Summary
) at 75% dose (21 DAS). The superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) was significantly elevated in Kecskemét treatments-by 101%, 148% and 149% at 25%, 50% and 75% CSS applications. Correlation analysis further highlighted that NCSS treatments often showed negative associations between plant height and chlorophyll content but positive correlations with antioxidant activity. In contrast, CSS treatments promoted balanced physiological responses. The results support the importance of sludge origin and application rate and suggest that composted sludge can be a safe, sustainable amendment when managed appropriately.
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