Summary
Biochar is increasingly recognized as a multifunctional amendment capable of restoring soil health and mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, where fragile soils, high salinity, and erratic moisture regimes exacerbate climate vulnerability. Despite the growing global interest, only ~3% of biochar studies target arid lands, leaving a critical knowledge gap in understanding its mechanisms under harsh edaphoclimatic conditions. This review synthesizes over 120 studies and provides a meta-analysis on the interplay between soil and biochar properties affecting GHG fluxes in arid agroecosystems. Biochar reduces CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O emissions in non-arid climates by −18%, −38%, and −40%, respectively, relative to unamended control soils, though t
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