Summary
The replacement of inorganic fertilizers with manures is gaining increased attention as a strategy for developing sustainable agroecological farming systems. Substituting synthetic N fertilizers with manure has been proposed to affect field N₂O emissions and crop yields. However, the global effects of such substitution practices on the trade-offs between crop yield, net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and GHG intensity (GHGI) remain controversial. This research evaluates the impact of substituting inorganic fertilizers with manure on crop yields, GHG emissions, and GHGI under varying conditions. Additionally, it examines the influence of different factors on these outcomes. This study conducted a global meta-analysis (119 articles, 856 observations) to quantify the effects of manure substi
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