Pulse Brain · Growing Health Evidence Index
Tier 3 — Observational / field trialPeer-reviewed

Optimizing water and fertilizer management reduces carbon and water footprints for winter wheat production in China

Jin Shi, Haihe Gao, Yuan Liu, Enke Liu, Joann K. Whalen, Xiaoguang Niu, Yan Yan, Haijun Zhang, Jiawen Yu, Xurong Mei

Farming System · 2025

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Summary

This 30-year spatiotemporal assessment (1991–2020) quantifies greenhouse gas emissions and water consumption across China's winter wheat production systems, with particular focus on the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. The analysis demonstrates that synergistic reductions in both carbon (up to 20%) and water footprints can be achieved through precision fertilisation combined with energy-efficient irrigation, without compromising yield. The findings provide a practical mitigation pathway for enhancing food security and environmental sustainability in resource-constrained cereal systems.

UK applicability

Whilst this study is geographically specific to China's wheat systems and climatic conditions, the general principles of precision fertilisation and irrigation efficiency optimisation are transferable to UK winter wheat production. UK operators may benefit from the methodological framework for footprint assessment, though baseline emissions, regional variation, and optimal input levels would require country-specific parameterisation.

Key measures

Carbon footprint (t CO₂ eq yr⁻¹), water footprint (m³ yr⁻¹), product-level footprints, regional emissions and consumption rates, mitigation scenario impacts on emissions and water use

Outcomes reported

The study quantified baseline carbon emissions (66.6 Mt CO₂ eq yr⁻¹) and water consumption (112 km³ yr⁻¹) across China's winter wheat production systems over 30 years, and evaluated mitigation strategies through scenario-based analysis of fertiliser practices, renewable energy adoption, and irrigation efficiency.

Theme
Climate & resilience
Subject
Climate & greenhouse gas mitigation
Study type
Research
Study design
Spatiotemporal integrated assessment
Source type
Peer-reviewed study
Status
Published
Geography
China
System type
Arable cereals
DOI
10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100185
Catalogue ID
SNmov0f8sf-c7iehf

Topic tags

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