Pulse Brain · Growing Health Evidence Index
Tier 4 — Narrative / commentaryPeer-reviewed

Environmental conditions and nutritional quality of vegetables in protected cultivation

Nazim S. Gruda, G. Samuolienė, Jinlong Dong, Xun Li

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · 2025

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Summary

This comprehensive review examines strategies for manipulating environmental conditions in protected cultivation—including indoor and vertical farming systems—to enhance the nutritional quality of vegetables. The authors synthesise evidence indicating that moderate stress can positively influence nutrient composition, that plants exhibit stage-specific responses to environmental factors (e.g. seedlings benefit from higher blue-to-red light ratios whilst leafy greens benefit from green light), and that light intensity represents the most influential controllable factor, followed by CO₂ levels, light spectrum, temperature, and humidity. The review identifies this approach as a promising avenue for sustainable intensification of vegetable production in urban settings whilst addressing micronutrient deficiencies linked to urbanisation.

Regional applicability

The findings are applicable to UK protected horticulture, particularly glasshouse and indoor farming operations seeking to enhance produce nutrient density. UK growers could adopt evidence-based light spectrum and intensity management strategies, though implementation will depend on energy costs and technological infrastructure; further research into cost-benefit trade-offs under UK growing conditions would strengthen practical adoption.

Key measures

Micronutrient composition, phytochemical content, light spectrum (blue-to-red ratios, UV-A, green light), light intensity, CO₂ levels, temperature, humidity, plant developmental stage

Outcomes reported

The review examined how environmental factors (light intensity, spectrum, CO₂, temperature, humidity) within protected cultivation systems influence the nutritional composition of vegetables. The study synthesised evidence on stage-specific metabolic responses and identified relative importance rankings of these environmental variables for nutrient quality.

Theme
Nutrition & health
Subject
Crop nutrient density & mineral composition
Study type
Narrative Review
Study design
Narrative review
Source type
Peer-reviewed study
Status
Published
Geography
International
System type
Horticulture
DOI
10.1111/1541-4337.70139
Catalogue ID
SNmoy13h6i-qfj5ch

Topic tags

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