Summary
Abstract Improving soil productivity in the Brazilian semi-arid region remains a major challenge. Integrated livestock–forest (ILF) systems represent a promising strategy for agricultural intensification with lower environmental impacts, as they enhance soil microbial functioning and support soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks accumulation. However, studies on how ILF systems affect soil biological properties and SOC dynamics in tropical semi-arid regions, particularly in the Caatinga biome, remain scarce. This study assessed soil microbiological properties in ILF systems established for six years in the Brazil’s semi-arid region. Four ILF systems were evaluated, each cultivated with sorghum (ILFSo), forage cactus (ILFFc), massai grass (ILFMg), and buffel grass (ILFBg), at spacings of 7 m (S7
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