Pulse Brain · Growing Health Evidence Index
Tier 3 — Observational / field trialPeer-reviewed

Soil quality index assessment for conventional, organic and INM based rice cropping systems using key indicators as influenced by imbalanced fertilization

K. Theresa, S. Vijayakumar, R. Muthukrishnan, Vigneshwaran Raja

Frontiers in Environmental Science · 2026

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Summary

This four-season field study developed and applied a weighted additive index (WAI) method to assess soil quality across conventional, organic, and Integrated Nutrient Management rice systems. The research demonstrated that organic and INM practices, particularly when combined with optimised rather than maximised fertiliser doses, maintain higher soil quality indices and crop yields compared to conventional systems. The findings suggest that balancing nutrient inputs to match crop uptake rather than applying super-optimal doses offers a sustainable pathway for managing soil health and productivity in intensive rice ecosystems.

UK applicability

Whilst this study focuses on rice systems in tropical/subtropical conditions, the methodological approach of using a multi-indicator soil quality index weighted by PCA has applicability to UK cereal systems. However, the specific findings on organic versus conventional and INM practices, and optimal fertiliser thresholds, would require validation in UK temperate climates and soil types before direct policy application.

Key measures

Soil quality index (SQI); phosphatase activity (PA); water-holding capacity (WHC); soil microbial biomass carbon (SMB-C); organic carbon (OC); zinc (Zn); urease activity (UA); rice yield (t ha⁻¹); relative weights derived from Principal Component Analysis

Outcomes reported

The study measured soil quality index (SQI) values derived from six key soil indicators (phosphatase activity, water-holding capacity, soil microbial biomass carbon, organic carbon, zinc, and urease activity) across conventional, organic, and INM rice systems under varying fertiliser doses. Results demonstrated that organic and INM systems achieved higher SQI values than conventional systems, with optimal rather than super-optimal fertiliser doses yielding the best soil quality and rice productivity outcomes.

Theme
Farming systems, soils & land use
Subject
Soil health assessment & monitoring
Study type
Research
Study design
Field trial
Source type
Peer-reviewed study
Status
Published
Geography
India
System type
Arable cereals
DOI
10.3389/fenvs.2025.1698081
Catalogue ID
SNmozbldc4-lo27jk

Topic tags

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