Summary
Bionutrient circularity can increase food system sustainability. Global food production currently depends substantially on synthetic fertilizers, while massive volumes of crop residues, food scraps, and excreta are undervalued and mismanaged, contributing to environmental degradation and climate change. Transforming these organic underutilized resources through combinations of physiochemical, biological, and thermochemical processes can improve public hygiene while keeping carbon and nutrients within the food system. By redirecting both organic matter and nutrients to soils, bionutrient circularity can offset fertilizer and energy costs. Meanwhile, circular feeds can enable livestock sectors to grow without increasing land demands for crop production, much of which is currently fed to live
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