Summary
and significantly lowered radish biomass and nitrogen uptake, while spinach biomass and nitrogen uptake were unaffected. In summary, our study showed that antibiotic exposure significantly changed prokaryotic community diversity, while fungi remained largely unaffected. The reduction of plant growth-promoting bacteria may have a significant impact on soil nutrient cycling and crop productivity, but more research is needed to understand the long-term impact of these co-applied antibiotics on food production. Additionally, more studies are needed to understand the effect of antibiotics on realistic, field-scale conditions to fully understand the impact on environmental and human health. IMPORTANCE: Agricultural soils are frequently contaminated with complex mixtures of antibiotics from vario
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