Summary
Adoption of more circular farming systems that prioritise renewable and recycled resources could enhance nutrient cycling, reduce farm costs and lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by decreasing reliance on external inputs. This study is the first to incorporate nitrogen (N) efficiency into a marginal abatement cost curve framework, bridging GHG mitigation with nutrient management. This integrated approach provides new insights into circular practices that can deliver win–win benefits and help avoid trade-offs between two of agriculture’s most pressing environmental challenges. Using regional farm data and mass flow models, we investigated eight circular practices across five representative UK farming systems. Alternative feed ingredients reduced GHG emissions by 4.7% and saved £200 Mg CO
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