Summary
Despite considerable research about biogeochemical behavior of trace elements (TEs) in soil-plant-human systems, there is still a gap of knowledge regarding dose–response relationship, especially for low-applied doses. Trace elements such as mercury, cadmium, antimony and others are highly toxic, without any known essential function in plants. Nevertheless, recent toxicology and risk assessment studies revealed TE-induced hormesis in plants, i.e. stimulation in plant growth at low-doses while suppression at high-doses. This is the first review critically reviewing the TE-induced phytohormetic. The review compares hormetic effects for 366 observations from various research articles among different (i) toxic TEs, (ii) plant species, (iii) plant response parameters (end points), and (iv) expo
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