Summary
This modelling study applies a global food and land system framework to evaluate 23 food system measures across 15 outcome indicators through 2050, finding that whilst individual measures present trade-offs, their combination can enhance co-benefits and reduce negative externalities. The analysis projects that combining all food system measures could avert 182 million life-years of mortality annually and nearly halve nitrogen surplus whilst mitigating poverty impacts of environmental protection policies. The authors conclude that achieving the 1.5 °C climate target requires integrated food system transformation alongside broader systemic measures.
UK applicability
As a global modelling study, findings provide a framework for understanding multi-objective food system trade-offs applicable to UK policy contexts. UK-specific applicability would depend on how the 23 measures map to domestic agricultural, trade and dietary interventions, though the emphasis on combining measures to offset trade-offs is relevant to UK food security and net-zero strategies.
Key measures
Yearly mortality reduction (life years), nitrogen surplus, absolute poverty effects, greenhouse gas emissions, climate target achievement (1.5 °C)
Outcomes reported
The study quantified impacts of 23 food system measures on 15 outcome indicators spanning public health, environment, social inclusion and economy through 2050. Key reported outcomes include mortality reduction measured in life years, nitrogen surplus changes, and poverty impacts.
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