Pulse Brain · Growing Health Evidence Index
Tier 1 — Meta-analysis / systematic reviewPeer-reviewed

Global soil pollution by toxic metals threatens agriculture and human health

Deyi Hou, Xiyue Jia, Liuwei Wang, S. P. McGrath, Yong‐Guan Zhu, Qing Hu, Fang‐Jie Zhao, Michael S. Bank, David O’Connor, Jerome O. Nriagu

Science · 2025

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Summary

This global meta-analysis synthesised soil pollution data from 1493 regional studies across 796,084 sampling points to map the distribution of seven toxic metals in agricultural soils. The authors identified a previously unrecognised high-risk metal-enriched zone in low-latitude Eurasia and estimated that 14–17% of cropland globally and 0.9–1.4 billion people are affected by toxic metal pollution exceeding safety thresholds, highlighting a significant but spatially heterogeneous threat to food security and public health.

UK applicability

The study's global scope and machine-learning mapping approach may inform UK soil monitoring and food safety policies, though the identified high-risk zone in low-latitude Eurasia suggests UK cropland may experience lower metal pollution pressures. However, legacy industrial contamination and regionally elevated baseline metal levels in some UK soils warrant targeted risk assessment and remediation strategies informed by this global baseline.

Key measures

Percentage of global cropland affected by toxic metal pollution; number of people living in high-risk regions; geographic distribution of metal exceedance zones; machine learning-modelled risk maps by metal type

Outcomes reported

The study mapped global soil pollution by seven toxic metals (arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel, lead) across 796,084 sampling points and identified areas exceeding agricultural and human health thresholds. It quantified the extent of cropland affected and estimated the population living in regions of heightened health and ecological risk.

Theme
Farming systems, soils & land use
Subject
Pesticides, contaminants & food safety
Study type
Meta-analysis
Study design
Meta-analysis
Source type
Peer-reviewed study
Status
Published
Geography
Global
System type
Arable cereals
DOI
10.1126/science.adr5214
Catalogue ID
MGmos8b8rw-x7gqf1

Topic tags

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