Genotype × environment interaction and stability of grain micronutrients in wheat under organic and conventional systems: AMMI and GGE analysis

Summary

This multi-environment field trial examined the influence of genotype, environment, and their interaction on grain micronutrient concentrations in seven bread wheat genotypes grown under both organic and conventional fertilisation regimes across six environments (three seasons × two management systems). Using AMMI and GGE biplot analyses, the study identifies which genotypes exhibit stable or specifically adapted micronutrient profiles, contributing to biofortification breeding and agronomic management strategies. The findings suggest that both genetic and environmental factors, including fertilisation system, significantly shape grain micronutrient density in wheat.

UK applicability

The study was conducted in a semi-arid environment likely reflecting Saudi Arabian growing conditions, which differ substantially from UK climate and soils; however, the methodological framework and the principle that farming system (organic vs conventional) influences grain micronutrient concentrations are directly relevant to UK wheat breeding and organic arable policy discussions.

Key measures

Grain micronutrient concentrations (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Se in mg/kg); AMMI stability values; GGE biplot scores; genotype × environment interaction variance

Outcomes reported

The study measured grain concentrations of iron, zinc, manganese, copper, and selenium across seven wheat genotypes grown under organic and conventional fertilisation systems over three growing seasons. It assessed genotype stability and adaptability using AMMI and GGE biplot analyses to identify genotypes best suited to each management system.

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