Pulse Brain · Growing Health Evidence Index
Tier 3 — Observational / field trialPeer-reviewed

Climate‐Smart Bread With Cauliflower Leaf Powder: Enhancing Nutrition and Reducing Food System Waste and Carbon Footprint, Addressing Sensory Trade‐Offs and Improvement Opportunities

Zeweter Abebe; Aklesia Haileyesus

Food Science & Nutrition · 2026

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Summary

This study demonstrates that fermented cauliflower leaf powder can serve as a functional bread ingredient, improving micronutrient bioavailability whilst reducing postharvest waste and environmental footprint. Substitution of wheat flour with cauliflower leaf powder at up to 5% maintained consumer sensory acceptability whilst delivering measurable nutritional and environmental gains. The work addresses simultaneous objectives of dietary adequacy, food waste reduction, and climate mitigation through valorisation of a commonly discarded crop byproduct.

UK applicability

The findings are relevant to UK food systems, where brassica cultivation is established and consumer interest in waste reduction and climate-smart foods is growing. However, application would require validation of sensory acceptance and consumer uptake in UK markets, as well as consideration of local supply chains for consistent access to cauliflower leaf waste.

Key measures

Protein and fibre content; iron and zinc bioavailability; antinutrient levels; sensory acceptability scores; water footprint; carbon footprint; mineral content and energy value

Outcomes reported

The study evaluated the nutritional composition, antinutrient profile, sensory acceptability, and environmental impact (water use and carbon emissions) of wheat bread supplemented with fermented cauliflower leaf powder at substitution levels of 1–9%. Fermented cauliflower leaf powder enhanced mineral bioavailability and reduced antinutrients whilst maintaining protein and fibre content, with sensory acceptability maintained up to 5% flour substitution.

Theme
Nutrition & health
Subject
Food processing & bioavailability
Study type
Research
Study design
Laboratory / in vitro study with sensory evaluation
Source type
Peer-reviewed study
Status
Published
System type
Food supply chain
DOI
10.1002/fsn3.71533
Catalogue ID
NRmoh0e4lq-004

Topic tags

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