Summary
(age) = 14.37) from Chile, Singapore, Sweden, South Africa, Turkey, and the United States were analyzed using the propensity score matching method, which yields causal inference estimates conditional on balanced covariates. The results showed that bullying victimization uniformly increased students' mathematics anxiety across the countries. The effect of bullying victimization on students' mathematics-related control appraisal was significant for the countries, except for Chile. This effect was more divergent on value appraisals towards mathematics. Sensitivity analyses corroborated the results. The findings suggest that cognitive appraisals may not fully capture the emotional consequences of bullying, contrary to cognitive appraisal-mediated pathways of control-value theory. Multi-country
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